Sounds can be very useful in circumstances where the
need to move the eyes to acquire information is risky and
a bottleneck for performance (Ballas 1994), such as driving
an emergency vehicle or piloting a plane. In an experiment
dating back to 1945, pilots took only an hour to learn to fly
using a sonified instrument panel in which turning was heard
by a sweeping pan, tilt by a change in pitch, and speed by
variation in the rate of a “putt putt” sound (Kramer 1994a,
p. 34). Radio beacons are used by rescue pilots to home-in on
a tiny speck of a life-raft in the vast expanse of the ocean
by listening to the strength of an audio signal over a set
of radio headphones. Spatialized audio cues about runway
layouts can reduce the risk of collisions on the ground by
allowing the pilot to spend more time looking out the window
while taxiing (Begault et al. 1996). Synthetic feedback
sounds generated by instruments and tools may be particularly
useful in situations where sounds cannot usually be
heard, like when deep underwater in a diving suit, or out
in space. When astronauts reported difficulties in tasks with
power tools, the problem was fixed by equipping their spacesuits
with an audio cue tied to the RPM of the power tool
(Kramer 1994a, p. 35).
Sounds can be very useful in circumstances where the
need to move the eyes to acquire information is risky and
a bottleneck for performance (Ballas 1994), such as driving
an emergency vehicle or piloting a plane. In an experiment
dating back to 1945, pilots took only an hour to learn to fly
using a sonified instrument panel in which turning was heard
by a sweeping pan, tilt by a change in pitch, and speed by
variation in the rate of a “putt putt” sound (Kramer 1994a,
p. 34). Radio beacons are used by rescue pilots to home-in on
a tiny speck of a life-raft in the vast expanse of the ocean
by listening to the strength of an audio signal over a set
of radio headphones. Spatialized audio cues about runway
layouts can reduce the risk of collisions on the ground by
allowing the pilot to spend more time looking out the window
while taxiing (Begault et al. 1996). Synthetic feedback
sounds generated by instruments and tools may be particularly
useful in situations where sounds cannot usually be
heard, like when deep underwater in a diving suit, or out
in space. When astronauts reported difficulties in tasks with
power tools, the problem was fixed by equipping their spacesuits
with an audio cue tied to the RPM of the power tool
(Kramer 1994a, p. 35).
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